Sigurnosni mehanizmi za rad s pametnim karticama 
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SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU FAKULTET ELEKTROTEHNIKE I RAČUNARSTVA
DIPLOMSKI RAD br. 1445
SIGURNOSNI MEHANIZMI ZA RAD S PAMETNIM KARTICAMA
Aleksander Radovan
Zagreb, rujan 2004.
2
Sadržaj
1. UVOD ....................................................................................................................................................5 2. FIZIČKA STRUKTURA I ŽIVOTNI CIKLUS KARTICE ..........................................................7 2.1. FIZIČKA STRUKTURA PAMETNE KARTICE .......................................................................................7 2.2. ŽIVOTNI CIKLUS PAMETNE KARTICE ...............................................................................................8 2.2.1. Faza proizvodnje....................................................................................................................8 2.2.2. Pripremna faza personalizacije .............................................................................................8 2.2.3. Faza personalizacije ..............................................................................................................9 2.2.4. Faza korištenja.......................................................................................................................9 2.2.5. Završna faza (faza poništavanja kartice) ..............................................................................9 3. LOGIČKA STRUKTURA I KONTROLA PRISTUPA ...............................................................11 3.1. LOGIČKA STRUKTURA DATOTEKA ................................................................................................11 3.2. KONTROLA PRISTUPA....................................................................................................................12 3.2.1 Razine uvjeta pristupa...........................................................................................................12 3.3. PREZENTACIJA PIN-A ...................................................................................................................13 3.3.1. Rukovanje PIN-om ...............................................................................................................13 4. PROCEDURALNA ZAŠTITA.........................................................................................................15 4.1. IDENTIFIKACIJA DOKUMENATA.....................................................................................................15 4.2. AUTENTIFIKACIJA KERBEROS SUSTAVOM ....................................................................................16 4.3. KONTROLA PRISTUPA OPERACIJSKOM SUSTAVU ..........................................................................20 4.4. NAPADI NA PAMETNE KARTICE .....................................................................................................21 4.4.1. Logički napadi......................................................................................................................21 4.4.2. Fizički napadi.......................................................................................................................21 4.4.3. Probijanje kriptografskih algoritama..................................................................................21 5. ARHITEKTURA I VRSTE PAMETNIH KARTICA...................................................................23 5.1. ARHITEKTURA PAMETNIH KARTICA..............................................................................................23 5.1.1 Mikroprocesor.......................................................................................................................23 5.1.2 Memorija ...............................................................................................................................23 5.1.3. Ulazno/izlazno sučelje..........................................................................................................24 5.1.4. Izvor napajanja ....................................................................................................................24 5.2. VRSTE PAMETNIH KARTICA ..........................................................................................................25 5.2.1. Memorijske kartice...............................................................................................................25 5.2.2. Mikroprocesorske kartice ....................................................................................................26 5.2.3. Kartice s kriptografskim koprocesorom ..............................................................................27 5.2.4. Beskontaktne pametne kartice .............................................................................................27
5.2.4.1. Induktivni spoj.............................................................................................................................. 28 5.2.4.2. Kapacitivni spoj............................................................................................................................ 28
5.2.5. Hibridne pametne kartice ....................................................................................................30 5.2.6. Napredne pametne kartice ...................................................................................................30 6. SIGURNOSNI MEHANIZMI ..........................................................................................................31 6.1. ALGORITMI KRIPTIRANJA..............................................................................................................31 6.1.1. DES.......................................................................................................................................32 6.1.2. Trostruki DES......................................................................................................................38 6.2. ALGORITMI SAŽIMANJA ................................................................................................................38 6.2.1. SHA-1 ...................................................................................................................................38
6.2.1.1. Izračunavanje sažetka poruke ...................................................................................................... 38
6.3. DIGITALNI POTPIS .........................................................................................................................41 6.4. ALGORITMI ZA RAZMJENU KLJUČEVA ..........................................................................................41 6.4.1. RSA .......................................................................................................................................42
6.4.1.1. Enkripcija...................................................................................................................................... 42
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6.4.1.2. Dekripcija ..................................................................................................................................... 42 6.4.1.3. Digitalno potpisivanje .................................................................................................................. 42 6.4.1.4. Verificikacija digitalnog potpisa .................................................................................................. 42 6.4.1.5. Jednostavan primjer RSA enkripcije............................................................................................ 43 6.4.1.6. Složeniji primjer RSA enkripcije ................................................................................................ 43 6.4.1.7. Stvarni primjer.............................................................................................................................. 44 6.4.1.8. Duljine ključeva i njihov životni ciklus ....................................................................................... 45
6.5. DIGITALNI CERTIFIKATI ................................................................................................................46 7. PRAKTIČNI RAD – DEMONSTRACIJA SIGURNOSNIH MEHANIZAMA KORISTEĆI PAMETNE KARTICE...
...............................NAMERNO UKLONJEN DEO TEKSTA.................................
...............................................................................................................50 7.2.2. Popunjavanje elektroničke uplatnice...................................................................................51 7.2.3. Provo enje transakcija ........................................................................................................52 7.3. IZVORNI TEKSTOVI PROGRAMA.....................................................................................................53 7.4. ZAKLJUČAK O PRAKTIČNOM RADU ...............................................................................................53 8. ZAKLJUČAK.....................................................................................................................................55 PRILOG 1 – NAJVAŽNIJI DIJELOVI PROGRAMSKOG KODA ..............................................56 P.1.1. PROVJERA UNESENOG PIN-A .....................................................................................................56 P.1.2. DOHVAĆANJE CERTIFIKATA S KARTICE .....................................................................................58 P.1.3. DIGITALNO POTPISIVANJE NALOGA ZA ELEKTRONIČKO PLAĆANJE ...........................................60 P.1.4. PROVJERA DIGITALNOG POTPISA ...............................................................................................61 DODATAK A .........................................................................................................................................62 A.1. POPIS SVIH PAROVA VRIJEDNOSTI CNDN ......................................................................................62 A.2. POPIS SVIH KLJUČEVA DOBIVENIH PERMUTACIJOM PAROVA CNDN .............................................63 A.3. POPIS SVIH S-KUTIJA ....................................................................................................................64 A.3.1. S1 kutija.................................................................................................................................64 A.3.2. S2 kutija.................................................................................................................................64 A.3.3. S3 kutija.................................................................................................................................64 A.3.4. S4 kutija.................................................................................................................................64 A.3.5. S5 kutija.................................................................................................................................64 A.3.6. S6 kutija.................................................................................................................................64 A.3.7. S7 kutija.................................................................................................................................65 A.3.8. S8 kutija.................................................................................................................................65 A.4. POPIS SVIH KORAKA U PETLJI (T = 0 DO 79) U SHA-1 ALGORITMU ............................................65 LITERATURA .......................................................................................................................................69

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